He was the son of King Jahangir and grandson of the famous ruler Akbar the Great. Jahangir noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]. [32] He was defeated at Bilochpur in March 1623. His relationship with Mumtaz Mahal has been heavily adapted into Indian art, literature and cinema. While he was encamped in Baghdad, the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV met Shah Jahan's ambassadors, Mir Zarif and Mir Baraka, who presented 1000 pieces of finely embroidered cloth and even armour. The family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Beg, who was also known by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". Shah Jahan left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. This was an unusually long engagement for the time. Aurangzeb, the third son, gathered a well-trained army and became its chief commander. The name "Khurram" (joyous) was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince shared a close relationship. Born Prince Khurram, he was the son of Emperor Jahangir and his Hindu Rajput wife, Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani (13 May 1573 – 18 April 1619).. selfstudyhistory.com The youngest, Murad,… [10] Although an able military commander, Shah Jahan is best remembered for his architectural achievements. Shah Jahan, father to Jahanara and Roshanara, ascended to the throne in 1628. It was in 1628 that he took power, succeeding his father Jahangir, who died in 1627. Among those who survived are Jahanara Begum, Dara Shukoh, Shah Shuja, Roshanara Begum, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh, Gauhara Begum. [35][36] He was considered one of the greatest Mughals. (R V Somani 1976). This relatively quiet and stable period of his life allowed Khurram to build his own support base in the Mughal court, which would be useful later on in his life.[23]. [46] The Portuguese were accused of trafficking by high Mughal officials and due to commercial competition the Mughal-controlled port of Saptagram began to slump. Upon learning of his assumption of the regency, his younger brothers, Shuja, Viceroy of Bengal, and Murad Baksh, Viceroy of Gujarat, declared their independence and marched upon Agra in order to claim their riches. After reciting the Kal'ma (Laa ilaaha ill allah) and verses from the Quran, Shah Jahan died, aged 74. Shah Jahan and the Mughal Army return after attending a congregation in the Jama Masjid, Delhi. He put Nur Jahan in close confinement. Shah Jahan was a Muslim, as we can see from his constructions, especially the Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan was Jahangir's son .He born 5th January 1592 in Lahore. She was the eldest child of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. She was the most influential of Shah Jahan's daughters after Jahanara Begum and sided with Aurangzeb during the war of succession. Showing very young intellectual abilities as well as physical, he quickly draws the attention of his grandfather who thinks of appointing him to his estate, before yielding to Jahângîr, his father. Jahan became ruler of the Mughal Empire in 1628 after the death of his father and a bitter power struggle with his brothers. Asaf Khan also managed palace intrigues to ensure Prince Khurram's succession the throne. Upon Shah Jahan's orders several executions took place on 23 January 1628. Emperor Shah Jahan did have another part in the Agra Fort’s history besides just building part of it. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. The end of his father was not easy, as was the case for all these predecessors and some successors. [21], In 1605, his father succeeded to the throne, after crushing a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant from court politics and intrigues in the immediate aftermath of that event, which was apparently a conscious decision on Jahangir's part. Shah Jahan was particularly outraged by the activities of Jesuits in that region, notably when they were accused of abducting peasants. ShahJahan was given the name of Mumtaz Mahal (Ornament of the Palace) when Prince Khurram acceded the throne and became … Aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation. Other Internet sites of the same author in [16] Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Khurram's upbringing and he grew up under her care. Shah Jahan and his sons captured the city of Kandahar in 1638 from the Safavids, prompting the retaliation of the Persians led by their ruler Abbas II of Persia, who recaptured it in 1649. In his reign the famous Peacock Throne was made for the King. Among his other constructions are the Red Fort also called the Delhi Fort or Lal Qila in Urdu, large sections of Agra Fort, the Jama Masjid, the Wazir Khan Mosque, the Moti Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens, sections of the Lahore Fort, the Mahabat Khan Mosque in Peshawar, the Mini Qutub Minar[50] in Hastsal, the Jahangir mausoleum—his father's tomb, the construction of which was overseen by his stepmother Nur Jahan and the Shahjahan Mosque. Copyright 2013 - 2020 - Any reproduction prohibited without the authorization of the author. His rule saw many grand building projects, including the Red Fort and the Shah Jahan Mosque. This status was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-Feroza, which had traditionally been the fief of the heir-apparent, to Khurram in 1608. This is highly searched video base on the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. [14] He was laid to rest next to his wife in the Taj Mahal. On 25 September 1632 the Mughal Army raised imperial banners and gained control over the Bandel region and the garrison was punished.[47]. The Mughal Emperor Humayun. They were about 14 and 15 when they were engaged, and five years later, got married. This often led to rebellions and wars of succession. [19], Prince Khurram showed extraordinary military talent. When his father died in 1627, he went to Agra to claim the throne after killing all potential rivals the following year, he was crowned and he assumed the throne on 24th January 1628. In 1614, commanding an army numbering around 200,000, Khurram began the campaign against Mewar. She was an active participant in the decisions made by Jahangir. Domestic concerns included putting down numerous rebellions, and the devastating famine from 1630-32. Asaf Khan’s sister and Shah Jahan’s old enemy Nur Jahan, survived until December 1645, but lived in retirement and never caused him trouble again. Shah Jahan was considered the most competent of Emperor Jahangir's four sons. [17] The two shared a close relationship. "[18], Khurram remained with her until he turned almost 14. [9] Under his reign, the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its cultural glory. They met in their youth. In response to the devastation, Shah Jahan set up langar (free kitchens) for the victims of the famine. His successes in these campaigns led to Jahangir granting him the title of Shah Jahan (Persian: "King of the World") and raised his military rank and allowed him a special throne in his Durbar, an unprecedented honour for a prince, thus further solidifying his status as crown prince. To distinguish free illustrations from others, see: Upon the death of Jahangir in 1627, the wazir Asaf Khan, who had long been a quiet partisan of Prince Khurram, acted with unexpected forcefulness and determination to forestall his sister the empress Nur Jahan's plans to place Prince Shahryar on the throne. It is on the occasion of their marriages that Shah Jahan offered his wife the name "Bijou du Palais", and it is under this name that we know her today: Mumtaz-i Mahal. Silver rupee coin of Shah Jahan, from Patna. In January 1666, Shah Jahan fell ill. Construction began in 1632 under the orders of the Great Mogul Emperor, Shah Jahan. Kandahari Mahal (1594 - ?, wedding in 1609), Mumtaz Mahal (1593 - 1631, wedding in 1612). Ruler of the Mogul Empire (1627–58). During Jahangir's closing years, Shah Jahan came into open conflict with Empress Nur Jahan, but his rebellion against his father, in 1622, was unsuccessful. He was accompanied by Shaykh Ibrahim, father of future Shaykh Junayd. [15] His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani). Shah Jahan died on 22 January 1666. [45][page needed], Shah Jahan gave orders in 1631 to Qasim Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Bengal, to drive out the Portuguese from their trading post at Port Hoogly. In September 1657, Shah Jahan fell seriously ill. The throne of the Peacock, with its flamboyant procession of natural colors giving the illusion of movement, was in rubies, sapphires and emeralds. In addition, Khurram had two children from his first two wives. website is a private, unofficial site resulting from the compilation work of the works of different authors. Golconda submitted in 1635 and then Bijapur in 1636. Campaigns against Georgia. More epithets showed his secular and religious duties. He married and had issue. On the death of Jahangir on Oct. 29, 1627, disputes for the succession broke out, and Shah Jahan emerged successful. Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed Prince Khurram's youngest brother Shahzada Shahryar and her support for his claim to the throne led to much internal division. [16] So, when Khurram was born in 1592 and was only six days old, Akbar ordered that the prince be taken away from his mother and handed over to Ruqaiya so that he could grow up under her care, so that Akbar could fulfil his wife's wish to raise a Mughal emperor. He was born to Emperor Jahangir in 1592 and was named Khurram, meaning joy in Persian language by his grandfather, Akbar, the great Mughal emperor. His first act as ruler was to execute his chief rivals and imprison his stepmother Nur Jahan. His reign was thus more a period during which the military resources were increased tenfold, relying on the nobles and their capacity to raise quotas. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal in Agra. So she married the girl she had had from a first marriage with another son of Jahangir, Shahryar, hoping to have a male heir at his command. [15], Just prior to Khurram's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness. The name of Shah Jahan comes from Persian which means "King of the World". The post was heavily armed with cannons, battleships, fortified walls, and other instruments of war. Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking than his father and grandfather. A person speaking inside one end of the dome can be heard at the other end when the speech exceeds 100 decibels. The diamond in question, which appeared in a 1985 Christie’s sale in Geneva, is a pink-toned 56-carat table cut of a ‘spectacular’ nature. In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point of time was 13,[19][full citation needed] remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. During that period, princess Jahanara stayed with him and took care of him. The building took twenty years to complete and was constructed from white marble underlaid with brick. Jahanara became the First Lady (. The young girl belonged to an illustrious Persian noble family that had been serving Mughal Emperors since the reign of Akbar. It was this centralization that allowed the power to achieve harmony in the Mogul society of the eighteenth century. [13] Shah Jahan recovered from his illness, but Emperor Aurangzeb put his father under house arrest in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and her marriage to Khurram consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions at court. [citation needed], The Shah Jahan Mosque in Thatta, Sindh province of Pakistan (100 km / 60 miles from Karachi) was built during the reign of Shah Jahan in 1647. Although the prince was forgiven for his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson continued to grow beneath the surface. Nur Jahan adopted Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal's second son, Prince Shah Shuja, upon his birth in 1616. He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar and Jahangir. The child who would become Shah Jahan was born on March 4, 1592, in Lahore, now in Pakistan. Towards the end of his reign he had to fight more internal enemies like the Islamic rebellion of Ahmednagar, or pushing the Portuguese back to Bengal, recovering the Rajput kingdoms of Baglana and Bundelkhand to the west and north-west beyond Khyber. There were also other buildings, initiated by this creative emperor: the Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas, in the Red Fort of Delhi, for example. But due to his measures in the financial and commercial fields, it was a period of general stability—the administration was centralised and court affairs systematised. Before her death, she gave away all her money to the poor and needy. During his viceroyalty, Aurangzeb conquered Baglana, then Golconda in 1656, and then Bijapur in 1657.[43]. illegitimate because of the intrigues of the court. He was first lodged in Delwada Ki Haveli and subsequently shifted to Jagmandir Palace on his request. His grandfather, Emperor Akbar the Great was the emperor who originally started building it. [24] Nur Jahan was an intelligent and beautiful lady with an excellent educational background. This set off a war of succession among his four sons in which his third son, Aurangzeb, emerged victorious and usurped his father's throne. Uh ... More seriously, his reign is considered that of the climax of the Mughals. Her death had a profound impact on Shah Jahan's personality and inspired the construction of the Taj Mahal, where she was later reburied. The administration has been centralized and the judiciary has increased. Historiography and the arts were instruments of propaganda, allowing the emergence of fine works of art or poetry that magnified the specific public ideology of the Mughals. Shihab ud-Din mean "Star of the Faith", Sahib al-Quiran ud-Thani means "Second Lord of the Happy Conjunction of Jupiter and Venus". A rebellion of the Sikhs led by Guru Hargobind took place and in return Shah Jahan ordered the destruction of the Sikh gurudwara in Lahore. She cared for him as if he was her own son, but at thirteen years old he returned to his biological mother and father after Akbar's death. Still, at the emperor's real death, the two immediately became emperors, but it took another battle to assert the legitimacy of Khurram, who officially becomes Shah Jahân. Many nobles possessed great wealth, too. Confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 22 January, he commended the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later years Akbarabadi Mahal, to the care of Jahanara. Documentary sources. He is known as Shah Jahân, sometimes spelled Shah Jehan, but his official name is Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan. He was killed in 1661 as per Aurangzeb's orders. His cultural and political initial steps have been described as a type of the Timurid Renaissance, in which he built historical and political bonds with his Timurd heritage mainly via his numerous unsuccessful military campaigns on his ancestral region of Balkh. Shah Jahan himself nursed his beloved daughter back to health that took many weeks. But according to court chroniclers, his relationship with his other wives was more out of political consideration, and they enjoyed only the status of being royal wives. He owned the royal treasury and several precious stones such as the Kohinoor, worth around 23% of the world GDP during his time, and he has thus often been regarded as the wealthiest Indian in history.[11][12]. [40], A famine broke out in 1630–32 in Deccan, Gujarat and Khandesh as a result of three main crop failures. It has been on the tentative UNESCO World Heritage list since 1993.[51]. He was the founder of Shahjahanabad, now known as "Old Delhi". In the image he is depicted with his three eldest sons during his accession ceremony. (Public domain) World of the Harem: Prisoners within Gilded Cages He married 11 times, successively with: Of course, a great number of children were born of these unions, many of whom, unfortunately, died young. Some villages were completely destroyed, their streets filled with human corpses. other fields: Marguerite Duras, Les Pyrénées Catalanes. Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram[3] (Persian: شهاب‌الدین محمد خرم‎; 5 January 1592  – 22 January 1666),[7] better known by his regnal name, Shah Jahan (Persian: شاه جهان‎, lit. After winning the war of succession post the demise of his father Jahangir, Shah Jahan successfully ruled the empire for 30 years. Shah Jahan means "King of the World", alluding to his pride in his Timurid roots and his ambitions. Shah Jahan was born in 1592 as Prince Khurram. [citation needed]Edward S. Holden writes, "He was flattered by some, envied by others, loved by none."[31]. [28] Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention, and Shah Jahan was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits. She continued to live there and spent the rest of her life serving the needy and the poor. Subsequently he increased his aura by winning different victories, still widening a little more the historical territory of the Mughals, but without ever reaching, however, to extend towards the West. Like his Father, Humayun was a frequent user of Opium. This allowed Shah Jahan to rule his empire without contention. Its structure was drawn with great care and architects from all over the world were called for this purpose. This The baby was Jahangir's third son. Shuja, the second eldest was appointed governor of Bengal in 1637, and kept good control over that turbulent province for the next two decades. He studied a large number of disciplines and became a specialist in martial arts. Aurangzeb, the third son, gathered a well-trained army and became its chief commander. Author of the website : See credits. Als Shah Jahan wegen eines Harnröhrenleidens im September 1657 in ernster Lebensgefahr schwebte, befürchteten seine jüngeren Söhne bereits Dara Shikohs Thronbesteigung in Delhi.Shah Jahan wurde zwar wieder halbwegs gesund, der Bruderkrieg war aber nicht mehr aufzuhalten; die Prinzen waren entschlossen, die Angelegenheit militärisch auszufechten. Later he took refuge in Udaipur Mewar with Maharaja Karan Singh II . He was one of the greatest patrons of Mughal architecture. India's most iconic structure, the Taj Mahal, has stood strong for almost 400 years. According to economist Angus Maddison, Mughal-era India's share of global gross domestic product (GDP) grew from 22.7% in 1600 to 24.4% in 1700, surpassing China to become the world's largest. It is believed that the mosaic work of Jagmandir inspired him to use mosaic work in the Taj Mahal of Agra. Shah Jahan’s eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, voluntarily accompanied her father and took care of him in his old age. Slowly and gradually, while she became the actual power behind the throne, Jahangir became more indulgent in wine and opium. Murad IV presented them with the finest weapons, saddles and Kaftans and ordered his forces to accompany the Mughals to the port of Basra, where they set sail to Thatta and finally Surat. A contemporary of Louis XIV of France, Shah Jahan ruled for thirty years. Shah Jahan, with the help of Jahanara, raped Mumtaz’s brother Shaista Khan’s wife several times. The Mughal Empire continued to expand moderately during his reign as his sons commanded large armies on different fronts. When he became ill, she was afraid of being out of power, Khurram being eager to take over. This new responsibility was given to her due to her high rank, political clout and Jahangir's affection for her. Inheritance of power and wealth in the Mughal empire was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. When Khurram's fa… [29] Her body was temporarily buried in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad, originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Prince Daniyal along the Tapti River. His pre-accession coins bear the name Khurram. Prince Khurram exchanged his turban with maharana and that turban is still preserved in Pratap Museum, Udaipur. He was proclaimed emperor at Agra on Feb. 4, 1628. She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, but he refused. Lahore's Wazir Khan Mosque is considered to be the most ornate Mughal-era mosque.[52]. Akshay in the guise of Shah Jahan in the Taj Mahal en Those put to death included his own brother Shahryar; his nephews Dawar and Garshasp, sons of Shah Jahan's previously executed brother Prince Khusrau; and his cousins Tahmuras and Hoshang, sons of the late Prince Daniyal Mirza. However, several emperors after Akbar did add onto the fort, including Emperor Shah Jahan. He was born as Prince Khurram on 5th January 1592, to Emperor Jahangir and his second wife, Jagat Gosini (a Rajput Princess). Born January 5, 1592 in Lahore, he died on January 22, 1666 in Agra at the age of 74 years. Evidence from the reign of Shah Jahan states that in 1648 the army consisted of 911,400 infantry, musketeers, and artillery men, and 185,000 Sowars commanded by princes and nobles. Her near and dear relatives acquired important positions in the Mughal court, termed as the Nur Jahan junta by historians. When Shah Jahan became ill in 1658, Dara Shikoh (Mumtaz Mahal's eldest son) assumed the role of regent in his father's stead, which swiftly incurred the animosity of his brothers. [25], The prince would have to wait five years before he was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. He was an able ruler and a competent administrator who aimed at expanding the Mughal Empire. It was also an honour for the empress as Shuja was a special favourite of his grandfather. When the Persians besieged Kandahar, Nur Jahan was at the helm of the affairs. The elegant Naulakha Pavilion at the Lahore Fort was built during the reign of Shah Jahan. He had been Jahangir's finance minister and his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – played an important role in the Mughal court, eventually serving as Chief Minister. Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as Viceroy of the Deccan, consisting of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana, and Daulatabad. Shah Jahan is one of the prominent Mughal emperors. [26], Though there was genuine love between the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute woman and served as a crucial advisor and confidante to her husband. It has been suggested that the blade was replaced when it was inherited by Shah Jahan (London 1982 and others), that the inscription was added to an earlier plain blade (London 2015) or that the commission took place at the start of Shah Jahan’s reign 1629-1636 (Paris 2017 and others). The passion that united them was sincere, obviously. Avasthy, Rama Shanker (1967). Born January 5, 1592 in Lahore, he died on January 22, 1666 in Agra at the age of 74 years. Shah Jahan’s given name was Khurram; he received the titular name of Shah Jahan (literally, “ruler of the world”) in 1616 for his victories in the Deccan. 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